Sweden Abbreviations in Family History Sources
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An abbreviation is a "shortened form of a written word or phrase that is used in the place of the whole."[1] The practice of using abbreviations was conviniant for the author but not for the reader. Sometimes the abbreviation is a commonly used one that most people would recognize correctly. Other times it isn't clear, or may be be so obscure that nobody really knows except the author. Here are some abbreviations that you may come accross in your Swedish family history research.:
Abbreviation | Swedish | English |
a. | anno (Latin) | year |
a.a. | ad acta (Latin) | to the record |
a.-b. | aktiebolag (-et) | joint stock company |
AB | Stockholm | Stockholm (county), sometimes Södermanland |
abs. | absolvera | (to) absolve |
abs. | absens (Latin) | not present |
AC | Västerbotten | Västerbotten (county) |
a.d. | anno domini (Latin) | in the year of the Lord |
adm. | admitterad | confirmed |
a.f. | annan fastighet, andra fastigheter | other property (ies) |
afg. | afgång | decease, depart to, departure |
afl. | afliden | (to) expire, die |
afsk., afsked. | afskedade | discharge, resigned |
afskr. | afskrift | transcript |
allm. | allmän (-na) | common |
a.n. | ante nuptius (Latin) | illegitimate, birth before marriage |
ank. | ankommande | arrived |
anm. | anmärkning | remark, annotation |
annot. | annotation | note, annotation |
arb. | arbetare | worker, laborer |
arb. bet. | arbetsbetyg | work permit |
arrend. | arrendator | tenant farmer, leaseholder |
art. | artikel (-n) | article |
arv. | arvingar | heir(s) |
avd. | avdelning (-ar) | division, part of |
avg. | avgående | leaving |
avs. | avsöndring (ar) | severance, seperated |
avskr. | afskift | transcript |
b. | bonden | farmer, peasant |
b. | barnet | the child |
backst. | backstugesittare | resident of a small house or shed |
bandl. | bandland | group land |
banktj:man | banktjänsteman | bank servant |
bar. | barn | child, children |
b.b. | bär barnet | carried the child at christening |
b.b. | barnbördshus | maternity hospital |
BD | Norrbotten | Norrbotten (county) |
bef. | befordrande | promotion |
beg. | begraven | buried |
begr. | begraven | buried |
bg. | bergslag | region abounding in mines; mountain district |
b.i.1stg. | barn i förste gift | child(ren) of the first marriage |
bisp. | biskop | bishop |
bl.a. | bland annat | among other things |
Blek. | Blekinge | Blekinge (county) |
blg. | bergslag | region abounding in mines; mountain distict |
bond. | bonde | famer, peasant |
bondeförb. | bondeförbundet | farming cooperative |
borgerl. | borgerliga (-a) | civil, middle class |
bou. | bouppteckning | inventory of the estate |
br. | bror | brother |
br. | brukare | user, employer; farmer, tenant |
br. | bröder | brothers |
brod. | broder | brother |
brudg. | brudgum | bridegroom |
bröd. | bröderna | brothers |
byggm. | byggmästare | building contractor |
C | Uppsala | Upssala (county) |
ca., c:a | circa (L) | about |
caut. | cautionister | witness |
Christd.kunsk. | Christendomskunskap | religious knowledge |
c:o | kompani | company |
cop. | copulerad (Latin) | married |
copul. | copulatus (Latin) | married, marriage |
cr. | crono | crown owned, pertaining to the crown (government) |
cr.h., cr.hem | crono hem | crown owned home |
d. | den | the |
d.(D.) | dotter | daughter |
d. | det | it |
d. | död | dead |
D | Södermanland | Södermanland (county) |
dagl. | dagligen | daily |
d.b. | denna bok | this book |
db | dödbok | death book/register |
d.g. | den gamla | the old |
d.h. | dess hustru | his wife |
d.i.1stg. | dotter i förste giftet | daughter of the first marriage |
dir. | direktör (er) | director (s) |
disp. | disponeras | dispose |
distr. | distrikt | district |
distr. vet. | distriktsveterinär | districts veterinarian |
div. | diverse | diverse |
dkfg/dkfs | domkyrkoförsamling | cathedral parish |
D.M. | danneman | gentleman, farmer |
Dmca., Dnca | Dominica (Latin) | Sunday |
d.o. | detta/dessa ord | this word |
d:o | det ovan/ ditto | the above / ditto |
d:o, do. | dito | ditto |
doms., doms:s, doms:or. | domsaga (-s, -or) | judicial district |
dot., dr. | dotter | daughter |
dr. | dräng | farmhand, bachelor |
Dr. | doktor | doctor |
drag. | dragon | light cavalryman |
dt., dtr. | dotter | daughter |
d.v.s. | det vill säga | that is to say, I.e. |
d.y. | den yngre | the younger |
d.å | detta år | this year |
d.ä. | den äldre | the older |
e | efter | after |
E | Östergötland | Östergötland (county) |
e. | extra | extra |
E. | Enkling or Enka | Widower or widow |
e.d./ejusd. | ejusdem | same (same month) |
eg. | egare | owner |
e.Kr. | efter Kristus | after Christ |
el. | eller | or |
e.m. | efter middag | p.m. |
e.m.f. | enka moder född | widowed mothers birth (year) |
end. | endast | only, if only |
enk. | enka | widow |
enkl. | enkling, enkeman | widower |
evang.-luth. | evangeliskt-lutherska | evangelical lutheran |
f | före | before |
f. | fadder | sponsor, godparent, witness at christeing |
f. | född | born |
f. | far, fader | father |
f. | filia (Latin) | daughter |
f. | filius (Latin) | son |
f. | följande | following |
f. | förlofvad | engaged |
f. | förre | former |
f. | föräldrar | parents |
F | Jönköping | Jönköping (county) |
fabr. | fabrikör(er) | manufacturer |
fad. | fader | father |
fadd. | fadder | sponsor, witness |
fam. | familj | family |
fast. | fastighet | real estate |
fb. | födelsebok | birth book |
F.B., f.b. | före boken | previous book |
f.d. | före detta | before this, formerly |
fg | församling | parish |
Fhr. | Friherre | baron |
fil.dr | filosofie doctor | doctor of philosophy |
fil.mag. | filosofie magister | master of philosophy |
f.Kr. | före Kristus | before Christ, B.C. |
fl. | flicka | girl, miss |
fl. | flyttar | moved |
f.m. | förmiddag | morning, a.m. |
forts. | fortsättning | continuation |
fr. | från | from |
fris. | frisinnad (e) | liberal-minded |
fr. o. m. | från och med | from and with |
frih. | friherre, friherrar | baron, lord |
frkn. | fröken | miss of status |
frånsk. | frånskild | separated, divorced |
frånv. | frånvarande | absent |
fs. | församling | parish |
fsg. | församling | parish |
f.ö. | för övrigt | for the rest |
fögd., fögder | fögderi (er) | administrative unit within county for taxing, etc. |
följ. | följande | following |
för. | föräldrar | parents |
förb. | förbindelse | connection |
föreg. | föregående | preceding |
förkl. | förklaring | explanation |
förl. | förlofvad | engaged |
förs., förslg., församl. | församling | parish |
förs. | förestående | the above (foregoing) |
försv. | försvarlös | person without guardian or legal protection, vagrant |
fört., förteckn. | förteckning | list, catalog, index |
g. | gift | married |
G | Kronoberg | Kronoberg (county) |
gam. | gamla, gammal | old |
g.b., G.B. | gamla bok | old book, previous book |
gb. | gårdsbrukägare | farm owner |
gd. | gård | farm, extate, yard, court, house |
gdm. | gudmoder | godmother |
ges. | gesäll | apprentice |
G.kil or G.Kil sn. | Gammalkil socken | Gammalkil parish (Östergötland) |
gl. | gammal | old |
g.m. | gift med | married to |
Gotl. | Gotland | Gotland (island) |
graff. | begrafning | burial, interment |
grat. | gratialist | retired soldier receiving a pension, pensioner |
grdbr. | gårdsbrukägare | farm owner |
grdf., grdfolk. | gårdsfolk | farmers, farm servants |
grossh. | grosshandlande | wholesale dealer |
grufarb. | grufarbetare | miner |
grufveg. | grufvegare | mine owner |
Gävl. | Gävleborg | Gävleborg (county) |
Göteb. | Göteborg | Göteborg och Bohus(county) |
H | Kalmar | Kalmar (county) |
H. | Herr | Mr. Used only for prominent people - clergy, doctors, government officials, nobility, estate or factory owners. |
H., Hu. | hustru | wife |
Hall. | Halland | Halland (county) |
handl. | handlande | trading |
hd., hdt., hds., hdr., hrds. | härad (-et, -s, -er, -ers) | court judicial district (probates) |
h.eg. | hemmansegare | farm owner |
hem. | hemman | farm, homestead |
hem.d. | hemmadotter | unmarried daughter living at home |
hem.eg., hem.äg., hemäg. | hemmansegare | farm owner |
hem.s. | hemmason | unmarried son living at home |
herrg., herrg:ar. | herrgård (-en, -ar, -arna) | Manorial estate |
HFL | husförhörslängd | household examination |
hkr. | hästkrafter | horsepower |
h:n., hn. | hemman | farm, homestead |
hpl., hplr. | hållplats (-en, -er, erna) | railroad stopping places |
H:r. | Herr, Herre | Manor lord, squire, master, Mr., Lord |
hsm., husm. | husman | crofter, cottager, tenant |
hu. | hustru | wife |
hust. | hustru | wife |
h.äg. | hemmansägare | farm owner |
härst. | härstädes | here, at this place |
I | Gotland | Gotland (county) |
ib., ibid., ibm | ibidem (Latin) | the same place, the same as, same |
ifr. | ifrån. | from |
i.l., I.L. | in loco (Latin) | in this place |
infl. | inflyttad | moved in |
ing. | ingenjör (-er) | engineer |
inh., inhys. | inhyses | lodger |
inneh. | innehåll | contents |
intend | intendent | intendent |
introd. | introducera | introduce |
inv. | invånare | inhabitant |
jan, febr. o.s.v. | Januari, Februari och så vidare | January, February and so forth |
j.arb. | jernarbetare | iron worker |
j.arb. | jernvägsarbetare | railway laborer |
jbr. | jordbrukare | farmer |
jbrf | jordbruksfastighet (-en, -er, -erna) | farming properties |
jbrv | jordbrukvärde | farming property's value |
jerns.arb. | jernvägsarbetare | railway laborer |
jernv. | jernväg | railway |
jernvägsarb. | jernvägsarbetare | railway laborer |
jernväkt. | jernbaneväktare | watchman, line keeper on railroad |
jfr., jgfr. | jungfru | miss, maiden, virgin |
Jlght., jlghtn., jlghtr. | jordbrukslägenhet | farming apartments |
j:or. | junior | junior |
jordbr. | jordbrukare | farmer |
jordbruksarb. | jordbruksarbetare | farm worker, farm hand |
jordk. | jordkasta | bury, buried, burial |
järnv. | järnväg | Railway |
jvg., jvgr. | järnväg (ar) | railroad |
jvgsförb. | järnvägsförbindelse (-r) | railroad connection |
jvgstn., jvgstnr. | järnvägsstation (-en, -er, -erna) | railroad station |
Jäg. | Jägare | hunter, a light infantry soldier |
jägm. | jägmästare | crown forester |
Jönk. | Jönköping | Jönköping (county) |
Jämt. | Jämtland | Jämtland (county) |
K | Blekinge | Blekinge (county) |
K:a. | kyrka | church |
Kalm. | Kalmar | Kalmar (county) |
kbfd | Kyrkobokföringsdistrikt | District of church registration |
kbm. | kubikmeter | cubic meter |
k.f. | kvinnsfaddrar | female sponsors at christening |
kh., khde. | kyrkoherde | parish minister, parson |
k.k. | kvinnoklinik | modern abbreviation of maternity ward |
k.kg. | kyrkogång | introduction into church after childbirth |
kl. | klockan | time, o'clock |
km. | kilometer | kilometer |
K.Maj:t. | Kunglig Magestät | the King |
kmt | kopparmynt | copper coin |
kn., k:en, k:ens, k:er, k:ers | kommun (-en, -ens, -er, -ers) | municipality |
kommunal-nämndsordf. | kommunalsnämndsordförande | muncipality chairman |
Kongl.Maj:t | Kunglig Majestät | the king |
kontr. | kontrakt | contract (land) |
Kopp. | Kopparberg | Kopparberg (county) |
kr. | kronor | crown (monetary unit) |
KRA | Krigsarkivet | Swedish National War Archives |
ktg. | kyrkotagning | introduction of mother into congregation after childbirth |
Kungl.Maj:t | Kunglis Majestät | the king |
kv. | kvinna | woman |
kvf. | kvinnlig fadder | female sponsor |
kvf. | Kvinnsfaddrar | female sponsors at christening |
kvkm. | kvadratkilometer | quadrant kilometer |
kyrkl. | kyrklig | ecclesiastical |
kyrkov. | kyrkovaktare | church officer or caretaker |
kyrkovakt. | kyrkovaktare | church officer or caretaker |
köp. | köping (-en, -ens, -ar, -ars | small market town |
köpm. | köpman | merchant |
l., l:a, La, L:a | lilla | small(er) |
landsf.-distr. | landsfisalsdistrikt | land fiscal district |
landsförslg. | landsförsamling | rural parish of a city |
landsh. | landshövding | governor |
lb. | landbonde | country farmer |
lfg., lfs. | landsförsamling | rural parish of a city |
lg., lärl. | lärling | apprentice |
lght., lghtn., lghtr. | lägenhet (-en, -er) | apartment |
lib. | liberal (-a) | liberal |
Luth. Cat., Luth. Kat. | Lutherska katekismen | Lutheran Catechism |
lysn. | lysning | banns |
löjtn. | löjtnant (-er) | lieutenant |
M | Skåne | Skåne (county) |
M. | man | man, male; husband |
m. | man | man, male, husband |
m. | mater (Latin) | mother |
m. | mor, moder | mother |
m. | måg | son-in-law |
m. | med | with |
m., m:s. | meter (-s) | meter |
Mad. | Madam | Madam. Exclusively "upper class" person |
Malm. | Malmöhus | Malmöhus (county) |
mams. | mamsell | miss, young lady of "upper class". |
mek. | mekanik | mechanic |
mell. | mellersta | middle |
m.f. | mansfaddrar | male sponsors at christening |
m. fl. | med flera | and several others |
mil. | militära | military |
mm. | millimeter | millimeter |
m.m. | med mera | with others |
mod., modr. | moder | mother |
mod. | moderat (-a) | moderate |
mort. | mortua (Latin) | deceased |
motorf. | motorfartyg | motor boat |
mtl. | mantal | assessed unit of land, taxation of farm |
mun. samh., munsamh:en | municipalsamhälle (-t, -n) | urban district |
murges. | murargesäll | journeyman bricklayer |
mvh | med vänlig hälsning | with friendly greeting (best regards) |
mån. | månad | month |
månd., tis., o.s.v. | måndag, tisdag, och så vidare | Monday, Tuesday and so forth |
mäst. | mästare | master, expert |
mäst. | mäster | master, the boss |
n. | nata, natus (Latin) | born |
n. | nomen, nomine (Latin) | name |
N | Halland | Halland (county) |
N., N:a. | norra | north |
nat. | natur | natural (in reference to having had smallpox) |
nat. | nata | born |
nattvak. | nattvaktare | night watchman |
nattv.g. | nattvardsgång | communion |
N.B., n.b. | nya bok | new book, (next household examination) |
Ne | nedre | lower |
n:m: | nämndeman | juryman, member of district court |
NN., nn. | nomen nescio (Latin) | name not known |
nom. | nomine (Latin) | name |
n:r, nr. | nummer | number |
NO. | nordost | northeast |
NNO. | nordnordost | north northeast |
Norrb. | Norrbotten | Norrbotten (county) |
NV | nordväst | northwest |
NNV | nordnordväst | north northwest |
nr. | nummer | number |
nup. | nuptiae (Latin) | wedding |
nuv. | nuvarande | present |
näml. | nämligen | namely, since, as |
o. | och | and |
O | Västra Götaland | Västra Götaland (county) |
O. | öst | east |
obs. | observera | notice |
o.d., o.ä.d. | oäkta dotter | daughter out of wedlock |
o.d.h. or o.h.h. | och dess hustru or och hans hustru | and his wife |
og. | ogift | unmarried |
omkr. | omkring | about, around |
ONO. | ostnordost | east northeast |
o.s. or o.ä.s. | oäkte son | son out of wedlock |
OSO. | ostsydost | east southeast |
o.s.v. | och så vidare | and so forth |
oä., o.ä. | oäkta | illegitimate child |
o.ä.d. | oäkta dotter | illegitimate daughter |
o.ä.s. | oäkta son | illegitimate son |
p., pag. | pagina (Latin) | page |
p., pig | piga | maid, spinster, single girl |
past. | pastorat | diocese |
p.b. | pigebarn | female child |
pg., pgr. | penning (-ar) | penny (coin) |
pgld. | penningland | penny land |
pig. | piga | maid, spinster, single girl |
postexp. | postexpedition | parish office |
posth. | posthumus | born after father's death |
prakt. | praktiserande | to be in practice |
prof. | professor (-er) | professor (teacher) |
prov.-läk. | provinsialläkare | provincial doctor |
P.Ä. | pastorsämbete | Pastorate, the parish office. |
q. | qvinna | woman |
Qvf. | qvinnfaddrar | female witness at christening |
Qv.mil | qvadratmil | square mile |
r. | ryttare | cavalryman, horseman |
RA | Riksarkivet | Swedish National Arhies. |
Rdr. | Riksdaler | Old Swedish currency |
reg. | regemente | regiment |
reg.ton. | registerton | registrar |
ren. | renata, renati, renatus (Latin) | christened, baptized |
rep.verkstad. | reparationsverkstad | repair shop |
resp. | respektive | respective |
r:hu. | ryttare hustru | wife of a cavalrymann |
riksd. | riksdaler | national currency |
runst. | runstycken | part of a rune stone |
rymd., rymt | rymmande | desertion, running away |
rytt. | ryttare | cavalryman, horseman |
ryttm. | ryttmästare | cavalry captain |
s., S. | son | son |
s. | socken | parish |
S. | söder, södra | south |
S | Värmland | Värmland (county) |
s. | söndag | Sunday |
s., sal. | salig | deceased, blessed |
samn., samh:en | samhälle (-t, -n) | community |
SCB | Statistiska Centralbyrån | Central Bureau of Statistics, "Sweden statistics" |
sd. | samma dag | same day |
sd. | sonsdotter | son's daughter, granddaughter |
segelf. | segelfartyg | sailing ship |
sek. | sekund | second |
sekr. | sekreterare | secretary |
sep. | sepultus (Latin) | buried |
sfg | stadsförsamling | city parish |
s:ger | svåger | brother-in-law |
s:hu | soldat hustru | soldier's wife |
s:hu | sonhustru | son's wife, daughter-in-law |
s.k. | så kallad | so called |
s:ka | svägerska | sister-in-law |
Skar. | Skaraborg | Skaraborg (county) |
skattm. | skattmästare | tax collector |
Sk.Dr. | Skånska Dragonregementet | regiment of dragoons from Skåne |
skgsv. | skogsvärde | forest ranger |
skill. | skilling (ar) | monetary unit |
skogsv. | skogsvaktare | forest ranger |
skom.arb. | skomakerarbetare | worker in a shoemaker's shop |
skplg. | skeppslag | district along the coast |
skräd. | skräddare | tailor |
s:kt | sankt | saint |
sl. | salig | deceased, blessed |
smt | silvermynt | Old Swedish currency, silver coin |
sn. | socken | parish |
snesl. | snesland | measurement |
SO. | sydost | southeast |
soc. | socialdemokratisk | social democratic |
sockn. | sockenman | person who is entitled to vote in the parish |
sold. | soldat | soldier |
s:or | senior | senior |
spannl. | spannland | old unit of measurement |
spons. | sponsorer | witness |
ss. | sonson | son's son, grandson |
ss. | såsom | as |
SSO. | sydsydost | south southeast |
SSV | sydsydväst | south southwest |
st. | stycken | part of |
St. | stad | city |
S:t, S:ta | Sankt | saint |
S:ta, St., st., St:a | stora | large, big |
stallm. | stallmästare | master stableman |
stbhs. | stärbhus | estate of the deceased |
st:dr | statdräng | farm laborer |
stds. | standard | standard |
Sthlm. | Stockholm | Stockholm (county) |
stn., stnr. | station (-en, -er, -erna) | station |
stud. | student | student |
susc. | susceptrix (Latin) | godmother, female sponsor |
SV | sydväst | southwest |
sv. | svensk | Swedish |
Svf., Sv:f, | svärfar, svärfader | father-in-law |
Svm., sv:m | svärmor | mother-in-law |
Svåg. | Svåger | brother-in-law |
Sväg. | Svägerska | Sister-in-law |
Svärf. | Svärfader | father-in-law |
Svärm. | Svärmoder | mother-in-law |
sy., syst. | syster | sister |
s.å. | samma år | same year |
Söder. | Södermanland | Södermanland (county) |
t. | testes (Latin) | witnesses or sponsors at christening |
T | Örebro | Örebro (county) |
takt. | taktäckare | tiler, slater, shingler, thatcher, roofer |
tandläk. | tandläkare | dentist |
tax. | taxera | assess, tax |
tax.v. | taxeringsvärde | assessed value |
test. | testes (Latin) | witnesses or sponsors at baptism |
t.ex. | till exempel | for example |
tg. | tingslag | judicial district |
tgslg. | tingslag | court district |
t.h. | till höger | on the right side |
tills. | tillsammans | together |
tillverkn. | tillverkning | manufactured |
tj. | tjäna | (to) serve, work |
tnld. | tunnland | Swedish acre |
t.o.m. | till och med | including |
tomt-o. industriv | tomt o. industrivärde | store value of merchandise |
torp., tp. | torpare | crofter, peasant |
trol. | trolofvad | betrothed, engaged |
trädgårdsmäst, | trädgårdsmästare | gardener |
tunnl. | tunnland | measurement (Swedish acre) |
t.v. | till vänster | to the left |
t.v. | tills vidare | until further notice |
txv., txvn. | taxeringsvärde | assessed value |
Ty. | Tysk | German |
u. | under | under; at; during, while, wonder, miracle |
u. | unge | the younger |
U | Västmanland | Västmanland (county) |
uk., ungk. | ungkarl | bachelor, single man |
u.m. | utom mantal | not included in the taxation census register |
u.n.u. | utan namn under | without name under |
undant.enka | undantagsmans enka | widow of an undantagsman |
undt. | undantagsman | previous farm owner receiving his livelihood/support from the person to whom the farm now belongs (usually related, as in father and son). |
ung. | ungefär | about, approximately |
ungk. | ungkarl | bachelor, single man |
u.p.a. | utan personligt ansvar | without personal responsibility |
uppf. | uppförd (-a, -es, uppfört) | behavior |
Upps. | Uppsala | Uppsala (county) |
U.R. | ute roten | outlying district, old expression for the outer districk of parish |
utfl | utflyttad | moved out |
u.ä. | utom äktenskap | outside of marriage |
v. | vice | assistant |
v. | vaccinera | (to) vaccinate |
V. | väster | west |
vacc. | vaccinera | (to) vaccinate |
vb | vigselbok | marriage book/register |
VNV. | västnordväst | west northwest |
VSV. | västsydväst | west southwest |
vard. | vardag | weekday |
vägh.-dist. | väghållningsdistrikt | highway district |
välb. | välboren | honorable |
Värml. | Värmland | Värmland (county) |
Västerb. | Västerbotten | Västerbotten (county) |
Västern. | Västernorrland | Västernorrland (county) |
Västm. | Västmanland | Västmanland (county) |
W | Dalarna | Dalarna (county) |
X | Gävleborg | Gävleborg (county) |
Xbr | December (Latin) | December |
y. | yngste | the youngest |
Y | Västernorrland | Västernorrland (county) |
yngl. | yngling | young man, youth |
yst. | yngste | the youngest |
Z | Jämtland | Jämtland (county) |
åb., åbo. | åborätt | tenant right, hereditary lease |
ångb.förb. | ångbåtsförbindelse | steamship connection |
ä | änka | widow |
ä. | äldste | the oldest |
äg. | ägare | owner |
äkt. | äktenskap | marriage, wedlock, matrimony |
Älvsb. | Älvsborg | Älvsborg (county) |
änk. | änka | widow |
änkl. | änkling | widower |
äst. | äldste | the oldest |
Ö., Ö:a | östra | east, eastern |
Öf | öfra | upper |
ö.h. | över havet | upper harbor |
Ör. | Örebro | Örebro (county) |
öresl | Öresland | measurement |
Östg. | Östergötland | Östergötland (county) |
Öv | övre | upper |
- ↑ Merriam-Webster online at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abbreviation